Abstract: Prosocial behavior in childhood has been widely studied over the last decades. However, the cognitive processes underlying the development of these behaviors and how children understand each other are still not entirely clear. The concept of Theory of Mind (ToM) has become particularly relevant in the study of the development of social abilities in childhood. In this study, we hypothesize that the cognitive processes of first and second-order ToM are able to predict prosocial behaviors in a differentiated manner. A total of 40 children aged 3 to 7 years old (M = 5.075; SD = 1.248) were evaluated on different tasks to measure both ToM skills, as well as prosocial behaviors such as helping (Instrumental Help; IH) and cooperating (measured through Cooperative Problem Solving and Cooperative Gaming; CPS & CG respectively). Cooperative behavior-related tasks were performed under two conditions: Firstly, a condition of General Behavior (GB) where the task was performed normally. Then, a condition that included an Interruption Period (IP) where the task was abruptly interrupted to assess if the prosocial behavior was resumed autonomously by the child. Our findings enable us to propose a potential framework where first-order ToM predicts basic helping behaviors, while second-order ToM predicts more complex cooperative behaviors. These results also demonstrate that first and second-order ToM skills can differentially predict the complexity of children's prosocial behavior and that helping and cooperative behaviors could be regulated by differential processes.

Resumen: El comportamiento prosocial en la infancia ha sido ampliamente estudiado durante las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, los procesos cognitivos que subyacen al desarrollo de este comportamiento aún no están del todo claros. El concepto de Teoría de la Mente (ToM) se ha vuelto relevante en el estudio del desarrollo de las habilidades sociales en la infancia. En este estudio, hipotetizamos que los procesos cognitivos de ToM de Primer y Segundo orden son capaces de predecir comportamientos prosociales en niños de manera diferenciada. Un total de 40 niños de 3 a 7 años (M = 5,075; DE = 1,248) fueron evaluados en diferentes tareas para medir tanto las habilidades de ToM como las conductas prosociales de ayudar (Ayuda Instrumental; IH) y cooperar (medido a través de la Resolución Cooperativa de Problemas y Juego Cooperativo; CPS y CG respectivamente). Las tareas de conducta cooperativa se realizaron bajo dos condiciones: una de Comportamiento General (GB) donde la tarea se realizó normalmente, y una condición que incluía un Período de Interrupción (IP) donde la tarea se interrumpía abruptamente, y esta podía ser reiniciada nuevamente. Nuestros hallazgos nos permiten proponer un marco donde las habilidades de ToM de primer orden predicen conductas básicas de ayuda, mientras que las de segundo orden predicen conductas cooperativas más complejas. Estos resultados también demuestran que las habilidades de ToM pueden predecir de manera diferencial la complejidad del comportamiento prosocial de los niños, y que la conducta de ayuda y cooperación podrían estar reguladas por procesos diferenciales.

O crambe é uma planta com alto potencial de produção biodiesel. Entretanto, o uso para alimentação animal apresenta toxicidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi propor uma alternativa de tratamento para este tipo de resíduos agro-industrial. Desta forma, utilizou-se a minhoca Eisenia foetida para a estabilização do resíduo de crambe. Foram construidos 20 vermireatores, que receberam resíduos de crambe e esterco bovino nas dose de acordo com a determinação de sólidos totais. Os tratamentos foram chamados 100% de esterco bovino; 10% resíduo de crambe + 90% esterco bovino; 20% resíduo de crambe + 80% esterco bovino; 30% resíduo de crambe + 70% esterco bovino; resíduo de crambe 40% + 60% esterco bovino. As misturas permaneceram durante 40 dias nos vermireatores. O delineamento estatítico foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamento e quatro repetições. Os vermicompostos obtidos foram utilizados na produção de mudas de rúculas. No final do período proposto, observou-se que as minhocas sobreviveram em todas as concentrações de resíduos de crambe. Além disso, verificou-se que mesmo com as doses mais elevadas do resíduo de crambe, não foi prejudicial as minhocas. Na produção de mudas de rúcula, verificou-se que houve um desenvolvimento adequado das plantas.

Crambe is a plant with high potential for biodiesel production. However, its use for animal nutrition poses toxicity. The aim of this study was to propose an alternative treatment for this type of agro-industrial waste. Thus, we used earthworm Eisenia foetida for the stabilization of crambe residue. Twenty vermireactors were constructed, receiving crambe waste and cattle manure in the dose according to the determination of total solids. Treatments were called 100 % of cattle manure; 10 % waste crambe + 90 % cattle manure; 20 % waste crambe + 80 % cattle manure; 30 % waste crambe + 70 % cattle manure; 40 % waste crambe + 60 % cattle manure. Mixtures remained for 40 days in vermireactors. The statistical design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four replications. The vermicompost obtained was used to produce arugula seedlings. At the end of the proposed period, it was observed that the worms survived in all crambe residue concentrations. Furthermore, it was found that even with the highest dose, crambe residue was not harmful worms. In the production of arugula seedlings, it was found that there was adequate development of plants.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a eficácia do uso das sementes de crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) como material adsorvente na remoção dos metais pesados tóxicos cádmio, chumbo e cromo de soluções contaminadas. Obteve-se a torta a partir da extração do óleo das sementes de crambe em sistema tipo Soxhlet. Nos testes cinéticos as massas do adsorvente variaram em soluções contendo os metais em condições de pH 5.0 e 7.0. As concentrações dos metais foram determinadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica modalidade chama (EAA/chama). De acordo com as condições ótimas encontradas ensaios de adsorção foram realizados para a construção das isotermas de cada metal as quais, por sua vez, foram linearizadas conforme os modelos matemáticos de Langmuir e Freundlich. Com base nos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que o adsorvente foi eficaz na remoção dos metais estudados em soluções aquosas, sendo viável sua utilização como material alternativo para adsorção dos metais pesados, além de se tratar de um coproduto que não sofreu tratamento prévio algum.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of crambe seeds (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) as adsorbent material in the removal of the toxic metals cadmium, lead and chromium from contaminated solutions. The byproduct was obtained from oil extraction of crambe seeds in a Soxhlet system. In kinetic tests, the adsorbent masses had varied in solutions containing the metals under pH 5.0 and 7.0. Metal concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). According to optimal conditions found, the adsorption assays were performed for obtaining the isotherms of each metal, which were linearized in agreement with the mathematical models of Langmuir and Freundlich. According to the obtained results, the adsorbent was effective in removing the assessed metals in aqueous solutions, being feasible its employment as an alternative material for the adsorption of metals, besides being a byproduct, which has undergone no prior treatment.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a eficácia do uso da torta de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) como material adsorvente dos metais pesados tóxicos cádmio (Cd), chumbo (Pb) e cromo (Cr) de soluções contaminadas. Nos testes cinéticos foram variadas as massas do adsorvente em duas condições de pH (5,0 e 7,0). As condições otimizadas foram pH 5,0 e massa de 0.300 g de adsorvente, utilizados para a construção das isotermas e linearizadas conforme os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. Realizou-se a determinação dos metais por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Os resultados mostraram que houve semelhança em ambos os modelos utilizados para a adsorção do Cd. Para o Pb, o modelo de Freundlich apresentou o melhor ajuste e, para o Cr, houve melhor ajuste pelo modelo de Langmuir. Conclui-se, com base nos resultados obtidos, que o adsorvente foi eficaz na remediação de soluções contendo Cd, Pb e Cr e, assim, é viável a utilização desse adsorvente como material alternativo sustentável, pois apresenta baixo custo, não necessita de tratamento prévio e se trata de um coproduto.

This study evaluated the efficacy of moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera Lam.) as an adsorbent material for removing toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and chromium from contaminated solutions. The effect of the adsorbent mass was investigated at two pH conditions (5.0 and 7.0). The optimized conditions were 0.300 g of adsorbent at pH 5.0, used for the isotherms construction, and linearized according to Langmuir and Freundlich models. Results showed that cadmium adsorption was similar in both the models used. For lead, the Freundlich model had the best adjustment and chromium was better adjusted by the Langmuir model. It was concluded that the adsorbent was effective in the remediation of solutions containing cadmium, lead and chromium, thus, its use as sustainable alternative material is feasible, since it has low cost, does not need a previous treatment and it is a byproduct.

This study evaluated the adsorption capacity of chromium from contaminated aqueous solutions by using Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds. Parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent mass, contact time between solution and adsorbent, isotherms, thermodynamic, kinetics, and desorption were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) calculated to be 3.191 mg g-1 for the biosorbent. Activated carbon was used for comparison purposes in addition to the biosorbent. The best fit was obtained by the Langmuir model for both adsorbents. The average desorption value indicated that both the biosorbent and activated carbon have a strong interaction with the metal. The results showed that the biosorbent has advantages owing to its low cost and efficiency in Cr3+ removal from contaminated waters.

We have previously shown that nuclear receptor coactivator overexpression significantly enhanced NF-kB activity in a dose response manner. We studied the mechanism by which TIF2 regulates NF-kB activity. We determined that: 1) the p38 specific inhibitor reduces 50% NF-kB transcriptional activity, even in cells that overexpress distinct TIF2 deletions; 2) there is a physical interaction between TIF2 and p38 and RelA determined through in vitro translated protein bindind assays; 3) TIF2 is a p38 substrate; 4) there is a physical interaction between TIF2 and IKK in TNF-a 20 ng/ml stimulated or not HEK 293 cell protein extract, and IkB only in basal conditions, determined by binding pull down assays. This NF-kB complex regulates its activity and targets gene expression in a determined physiologic context depending on the coactivator complex content.

Demostramos previamente que la sobreexpresión de coactivadores de receptores nucleares aumenta la actividad NF-kB en forma dosis dependiente. Se estudió el mecanismo por el cual el coactivador TIF2 regula la actividad de NF-kB. Determinamos que: 1) el inhibidor específico de p38 disminuye al 50% la actividad transcripcional de NF-kB, aún en células que sobreexpresan distintas deleciones de TIF2; 2) existe interacción física directa de TIF2 con p38; y RelA determinada a través de ensayos de unión con proteína traducida in vitro; 3) TIF2 es sustrato de p38; 4) mediante ensayos de unión con extractos proteicos de células HEK 293 estimuladas o no con TNF-a 20 ng/ml existe interacción física de TIF2 con IKK, e IkBa sólo en condiciones basales. Este complejo que contiene a NF-kB regula su actividad y la expresión de genes blanco de este factor de transcripción en un contexto fisiológico determinado dependiendo del contenido del complejo coactivador.